Chest Trauma
Chest Trauma
© William Herring, MD, FACR
What To Look For
Rib fractures
Pulmonary contusions
Pulmonary lacerations
Abnormal collections of air
Abnormal collections of fluid
Rib Fractures
Only important for what they are
associated with or produce
Rib 1 only — facial fractures
Ribs 1, 2 and 3 —
Serious Trauma
—
ruptured bronchus
Ribs 4 – 9 — pneumothorax, contusion
Ribs 10 – 12 — lacerations of liver/spleen
Multiple displaced rib fractures
Pulmonary Contusion
Most common finding in blunt chest injury
Hemorrhage into lungs
Appears within 6 hours of injury
Clears in 48 hours
Usually at point of impact
Pulmonary contusion
Pulmonary Laceration
Traumatic Lung Cyst, Hematoma
Usually not apparent at first because of
surrounding contusion
Laceration of the lung parenchyma
Usually occurs subpleural under point of
maximum impact
Half are solid, half are cystic
Takes up to 6 months to clear
Pulmonary laceration
Abnormal Collections Of Air
Pneumothorax
Pneumomediastinum
Pneumopericardium
Subcutaneous emphysema
Pneumothorax
Must see visceral pleural white line
Absence of lung markings peripheral to
pleural line
Beware of skin folds
Beware of bullae
Bilateral pneumothoraces
Pneumomediastinum
May develop after blunt trauma due to
pulmonary interstitial emphysema
Mediastinal pleura is displaced from
heart border
Visualization of central part of
diaphragm —
continuous diaphragm
sign
Pneumomediastinum
Pneumopericardium
Requires direct penetration of the
pericardium
Air appears around heart but does not
extend above great vessels
Very difficult to differentiate from
pneumomediastinum
Pneumopericardium
Subcutaneous Emphysema
Streaky air over lateral chest wall or
neck
Localized form implies penetrating
injury
Diffuse form associated with pulmonary
interstitial emphysema
Subcutaneous emphysema
Abnormal Collections of Fluid
Hemothorax
Chylothorax
Hemothorax
Indistinguishable from pleural effusion
Loculation occurs early
Bleeding from parenchyma usually self
limiting
Bleeding from intercostal arteries
produces enlarging effusions
Hemothorax from bullet wound
Chylothorax
Thoracic duct may be torn from blunt or
penetrating injuries
Key is appearance of pleural effusion
several days after injury
Effusion may occur in either or both
hemithoraces
Pleural tap yields lymph
Signs Of Mediastinal Hemorrhage
Widening of the mediastinum
Subjective, influenced by position
Apical pleural cap on left
Displacement of left paraspinal stripe
Deviation of trachea to right
Deviation of NG tube
Mediastinal hematoma
Fractures of Trachea and Bronchi
Severe trauma, usually blunt, frequently
resulting in fxs to ribs 1-3
Mainstem bronchi affected more often
than trachea
Fractures of Trachea and Bronchi
Look for large pneumothorax which does
not respond to suction
Mediastinal or subcutaneous emphysema
Lobar atelectasis, especially developing a
few days after trauma
Rupture of the Diaphragm
Left hemidiaphragm affected almost
always
May not occur for weeks after trauma
Hernia may contain omentum, stomach,
large and small bowel, spleen, kidney
Rupture of the Diaphragm
X-ray shows bowel, soft tissue at left
lung base
Differentiation from eventration (no
constricted loops) or hernia (no
stomach) may be difficult
Ruptured left hemidiaphragm
The End